Population Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Metabolic Risks: Findings from the 2021 STEPS Survey

Abstract

The WHO STEPS 2021 survey demonstrates widespread exposure to secondhand smoke, particularly in households and workplaces. Such exposure is linked to higher prevalence of hypertension, impaired fasting glucose, and dyslipidemia. Biological mechanisms involve oxidative stress, inflammation, and disruption of insulin signaling. Policy interventions including comprehensive smoke-free laws and public awareness campaigns remain vital for reducing cardiometabolic risk across populations.